Investigating The Factors Influencing the Attitudinal Loyalty of Mashhad Visitors Using A Multilevel Data Analysis

Document Type : Original Article

Author
Tourism Economic Department, Institute of Tourism Research at ACECR (Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research) Khorasan Razavi, Iran
Abstract
Considered an important principle in tourism marketing, tourists’ loyalty can maintain and improve the competitiveness of tourist destinations. Therefore, this study set out to investigate and identify factors affecting the attitudinal loyalty of Mashhad visitors. The statistical population of the study comprised tourists visiting Mashhad in various seasons from 2022 to 2023, out of whom 4555 tourists were selected as the sample size using convenience sampling. The required data were collected through conducting in-person interviews and administering a researcher-developed questionnaire. Considering the changes in behavioral patterns of tourists visiting Mashhad in different seasons, this study utilized a two-level Logit regression model to analyze the data and assess the visiting tourists' attitudinal loyalty. The findings of the study revealed that the loyalty of tourists concerning Mashhad was significantly influenced by variables such as the type of vehicles used for transportation, province of residence, gender, income, the number of accompanying persons, satisfaction, and the length of stay. In this regard, the satisfaction of tourism services was found as the main variable affecting attitudinal loyalty of the visitors. It can thus be argued that the attitudinal loyalty of the tourists visiting Mashhad can be increased by improving the visitors’ satisfaction with various services, identifying the visitors’ needs and evaluating their satisfaction with multiple facilities and services through periodic monitoring, and setting appropriate plans to extend the period of the visitors’ stay.
Keywords

انصاری، آذرنوش و اسدی، علی. (1395). «ارزیابی وفاداری گردشگر به مقصد با رویکرد داده کاوی گردشگران داخلی شهر اصفهان». مطالعات مدیریت گردشگری. 11(35): 85-106.
بچاچری، علی و بخشنده، قاسم. (1402). «فراتحلیل مطالعات ارزش درک شده و وفاداری گردشگران در ایران». گردشگری شهری. 10(1): 41-56.
پایگاه اطلاع رسانی اداره کل میراث فرهنگی، گردشگری و صنایع دستی استان خراسان رضوی. 1400. سالنامه آماری اداره کل میراث فرهنگی، گردشگری و صنایع دستی استان خراسان رضوی. مشهد.
درزیان‌عزیزی، عبدالهادی؛ فعلی، راضیه و رحیمی، فرج‏الله. محمودی، ادریس. (1395). «تأثیر عوامل شناختی و احساسی بر وفاداری گردشگران به مقصد گردشگری». تحقیقات بازاریابی نوین. 21(6): 37-54.
روستا، علیرضا. (1401). «تبیین اثرات تجربه و انگیزش گردشگران در مناطق شهری بر رضایت و وفاداری گردشگران (مورد مطالعه: مناطق گردشگری کیش و قشم)». برنامه­ریزی منطقه­ای. 12(45): 211-228.
فراهانی، بنفشه؛ بهاری، جعفر؛ بهاری، شهلا و بذله، مرجان. (1397). «بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر وفاداری گردشگران به مقاصد گردشگری (مطالعه موردی: گردشگران خارجی سفرکرده به شهر تبریز)». جغرافیا و برنامه­ریزی. 22(64): 19-33.
قهرمان، آرش؛ اعظم‏کاری، فائزه و عفتی، سمیه. (1397). «تحلیل جامعه شناختی عوامل مؤثر بر وفاداری گردشگران به مقصد گردشگری». مطالعات اجتماعی گردشگری. 6(12): 145-172.
محمدی، مصطفی؛ میرتقیان رودسری، سیدمحمد و ناسوتی، مهشید. (1398). «ارزیابی عوامل مؤثر بر وفاداری گردشگران رویدادهای بومی- فرهنگی در مقصد گردشگری رامسر». گردشگری شهری. 6(4): 17-31.
میرتقیان رودسری، سیدمحمد و پوراحمد، احمد. (1400). «ارزیابی وفاداری گردشگران میراث فرهنگی در مقصد رامسر». آمایش جغرافیایی فضا. 11(39): 153 166.
 
Alegre, J., & Pou, L. (2006). The length of stay in the demand for tourism. Tourism Management, 27(6), 1343-1355.
Almeida-Santana, A., & Moreno-Gil, S. (2018). Understanding tourism loyalty: Horizontal vs. destination loyalty. Tourism Management, 65, 245-255.
An, B., & Yamashita, R. (2024). A study of event brand image, destination image, event, and destination loyalty among international sport tourists. European Sport Management Quarterly24(2), 345-363.
Brida, J. G., Pereyra, J. S., & Devesa, M. J. S. (2008). Evaluating the contribution of tourism to economic growth. Anatolia, 19(2), 351-357.
Brida, J. G., Pulina, M., Riaño, E., & Zapata-Aguirre, S. (2012). Cruise visitors' intention to return as land tourists and to recommend a visited destination. Anatolia, 23(3), 395-412.
Chi, C. G.-q. (2012). An examination of destination loyalty: Differences between first-time and repeat visitors. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 36(1), 3-24.
Chua, B. L., Kim, S., Ling, E. S. W., Xu, Y., Ryu, H. B., & Han, H. (2024). Wellness tourism destination loyalty formation: the role of mental health and eudaimonic well-being. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-06-2024-0551.
Cossío-Silva, F.-J., Revilla-Camacho, M.-Á., & Vega-Vázquez, M. (2019). The tourist loyalty index: A new indicator for measuring tourist destination loyalty? Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 4(2), 71-77.
Deller, S. (2010). Rural poverty, tourism, and spatial heterogeneity. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(1), 180-205.
Díaz, J., Palau-Saumell, R., Forgas-Coll, S., & Prats, L. (2014). Satisfaction and loyalty of tourists in a cross-border area. International Journal of Business and Globalisation 10, 12(1), 3-19.
Enright, M. J., & Newton, J. (2004). Tourism destination competitiveness: a quantitative approach. Tourism Management, 25(6), 777-788.
Goldstein, H. (2011). Multilevel statistical models: John Wiley & Sons.
Gursoy, D., S. Chen, J., & G. Chi, C. (2014). Theoretical examination of destination loyalty formation. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 26(5), 809-827.
Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1982). Toward a social psychological theory of tourism motivation: A rejoinder. Annals of Tourism Research, 9(2), 256-262.
Khan, H., Seng, C. F., & Cheong, W. K. (1990). Tourism multiplier effects on Singapore. Annals of Tourism Research, 17(3), 408-418.
Kozak, M. (2001). Repeaters' behavior at two distinct destinations. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(3), 784-807.
Kusumah, E. P. (2024). Sustainable tourism concept: tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty. International Journal of Tourism Cities10(1), 166-184.
Kylänen, M., & Rusko, R. (2011). Unintentional coopetition in the service industries: The case of Pyhä-Luosto tourism destination in the Finnish Lapland. European Management Journal, 29(3), 193-205.
Kyle, G. T., Absher, J. D., & Graefe, A. R. (2003). The moderating role of place attachment on the relationship between attitudes toward fees and spending preferences. Leisure Sciences, 25(1), 33-50.
Le Chi Cong, L. C. C. (2016). A formative model of the relationship between destination quality, tourist satisfaction, and intentional loyalty: An empirical test in Vietnam.
Lee, S. (2009). Income inequality in tourism services-dependent counties. Current Issues in Tourism, 12(1), 33-45.
Li, X., Yuan, Y., & Zhang, J. (2024). The influence of tourists' emotional experiences on destination loyalty from the perspective of community economy. International Journal of Tourism Research26(1), e2630.
Lickorish, L. J., & Jenkins, C. L. (2007). Introduction to tourism: Routledge.
Mariani, M. M., & Baggio, R. (2012). Managing tourism in a changing world: Issues and cases (Vol. 23, pp. 1-3): Taylor & Francis.
Mason, W. M., Wong, G. Y., & Entwisle, B. (1983). Contextual analysis through the multilevel linear model. Sociological methodology, 14, 72-103.
Meleddu, M., Paci, R., & Pulina, M. (2015). Repeated behaviour and destination loyalty. Tourism Management, 50, 159-171.
Petrick, J. F. (2005). Reoperationalising the loyalty framework. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 5(3), 199-212.
Pike, S., & Page, S. J. (2014). Destination Marketing Organizations and destination marketing: A narrative analysis of the literature. Tourism Management, 41, 202-227.
Plunkett, D., Fulthorp, K., & Paris, C. M. (2019). Examining the relationship between place attachment and behavioral loyalty in an urban park setting. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 25, 36-44.
Rasbash, J., O’Connor, T., & Jenkins, J. (2009). Multilevel models for family data. Bristol, England: Centre for Multilevel Modelling, University of Bristol.
Reichheld, F. F. (2003). The one number you need to grow. Harvard business review, 81(12), 46-55.
Scheyvens, R. (2007). Exploring the tourism-poverty nexus. Current Issues in Tourism, 10(2-3), 231-254.
Scheyvens, R., & Russell, M. (2012). Tourism, land tenure, and poverty alleviation in Fiji. Tourism Geographies, 14(1), 1-25.
Shamsub, H., Albrecht, W., & Dawkins, R. (2006). Relationship between cruise-ship tourism and stay-over tourism: A case study of the shift in the Cayman Islands' tourism strategy. Tourism Analysis, 11(2), 95-104.
Singh, R., Ps, S., & Bashir, A. (2024). Destination loyalty: A systematic review and future outlook. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism25(5), 1142-1163.
Stynes, D. J. (1997). Economic impacts of tourism: a handbook for tourism professionals. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois, Tourism Research Laboratory, 1-32.
Suhartanto, D., Brien, A., Primiana, I., Wibisono, N., & Triyuni, N. N. (2020). Tourist loyalty in creative tourism: the role of experience quality, value, satisfaction, and motivation. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(7), 867-879.
Wang L, Li X (2023). The five influencing factors of tourist loyalty: A meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 18(4): e0283963. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283963
Weaver, D. B., & Lawton, L. J. (2011). Visitor loyalty at a private South Carolina protected area. Journal of Travel Research, 50(3), 335-346.
Yoon, Y., & Uysal, M. (2005). An examination of the effects of motivation and satisfaction on destination loyalty: a structural model. Tourism Management, 26(1), 45-56.
Zhang, H., Fu, X., Cai, L. A., & Lu, L. (2014). Destination image and tourist loyalty: A meta-analysis. Tourism Management, 40, 213-223.